What does lactose intolerance refer to?

Lactose intolerance specifically refers to the inability to digest lactose, which is a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This condition occurs when the body does not produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which is necessary for breaking down lactose into simpler sugars like glucose and galactose that can be absorbed by the body. As a result, undigested lactose reaches the colon, where it can cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas due to fermentation by bacteria.

Understanding the nature of lactose intolerance is crucial in distinguishing it from other conditions. It is not an allergy to milk products, which would involve the immune system reacting to proteins in milk rather than an issue with sugar digestion. Likewise, lactose intolerance does not pertain to the inability to digest carbohydrates in general or to the excessive production of lactose in the body, as those concepts refer to different metabolic conditions. This distinction helps individuals manage their dietary choices effectively, such as opting for lactose-free products or lactase supplements to alleviate symptoms.